While at Spartans at under-13 level, coach Paul Donnelly brought him to Dunfermline Athletic. where he spent four-years progressing through the club's youth academy before signing full-time with the under-19 squad in 2010. In 2012, he was promoted to the first team signing a one-year professional contract, where he benefited from first team coaches such as Jim Jefferies, Neil McCann, John Potter, as well as goalkeeping coaches Brian Potter and Andy Goram.
Goodfellow made his first team debut on 16 November 2013 in a Scottish League One match, coming off the bench for the injured Ryan Scully in a 3–0 win over Airdrieonians. His first league start came in a 1–1 draw against Ayr United on 19 April 2014, whilst also featuring twice against Rangers that season including a 1–1 draw at East End Park.
On 18 May 2015, Goodfellow signed with Scottish League Two side East Fife. On Saturday 1 August 2015, in the first round of the Scottish League Cup, East Fife defeated Championship side Dumbarton in a penalty shoot-out, where Goodfellow saved two penalties to win the match after going behind. After playing the first 18 games of the season, he spent most of the 2nd half of the season as back-up goalkeeper with the arrival of Liam Kelly from Rangers on loan. On 16 April 2016 East Fife F.C. drew 1–1 away to Clyde winning the league. Goodfellow made 19 league appearances in the 2015/16 season. On 28 January 2017 after a 0–0 draw with Stranraer F.C., the club announced that Ryan had broken a club record by not conceding a goal in 575 minutes of football – this ended the following week taking the total to 603 minutes.
